7/31/2023 0 Comments Stack onThe high temperatures entail a slower start-up and thus also hints towards more constant operating conditions, such as in long-haul trucks, trains, or ships. They are also attractive for transport applications as noble metals are not required, and higher efficiencies of 60% 17 (compared to 45–50% for PEMFCs) 18, 19 can be achieved. On the other hand, high-temperature fuel cells (solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)) are commonly used for stationary applications their high operating temperatures (600–1000 ☌) make them particularly efficient for combined heat and power systems 15, 16. However, PEMFCs require high hydrogen purity 13 and are relatively expensive owing to the use of noble metals 14. An advantage is a swift system start-up 12. Low-temperature fuel cells (proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)) have achieved a certain degree of technological maturity for automotive applications 8, 9, 10 several large automotive and bus manufacturing companies are producing such vehicles in small series (around 25,000 vehicles were in operation at the end of 2019) 11. However, to ensure the widespread use of fuel cells in transportation, they should exhibit high efficiency, low cost, high volumetric density and specific power, and sufficient durability. Fuel cells provide long driving ranges, rapid re-fuelling 7, and efficient conversion of liquid e-fuels to power in ocean-going ships. When hydrogen and ammonia are used as fuels, the emission of particles, such as NO x, or CO 2 are near zero during power production 5, 6. Fuel cells can convert the chemical energy of sustainable fuels produced from water electrolysis with zero-carbon electricity, such as green hydrogen, green ammonia, or green methane, directly into electricity with a high electrical efficiency, above 45% 2, 3, 4. ![]() ![]() Fuel cell-powered electric vehicles and ships or use of fuel cells as range extenders help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport. Societies worldwide are transforming their energy systems to gradually become independent of fossil fuels. The monolithic fuel cell stack shows a power density of 5.6 kW/L, thus, demonstrating the potential of SOFC technology for transport applications. The design is optimised through three-dimensional multiphysics modelling, nanoparticle infiltration, and corrosion-mitigating treatments. ![]() Cost-effective and scalable manufacturing processes are employed for fabrication, and only a single heat treatment is required, as opposed to multiple thermal treatments in conventional SOFC production. Here, we present a metal-based monolithic fuel cell design to overcome these issues. However, the SOFC technology is mainly used for stationary applications owing to the high operating temperature, low volumetric power density and specific power, and poor robustness towards thermal cycling and mechanical vibrations of conventional ceramic-based cells. This aspect is particularly true in the case of heavy freight and long-range transportation, where solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) offer an attractive alternative as they can provide high-efficiency and flexible fuel choices. ![]() However, the limited range and long charging times of Li-ion batteries still hinder widespread adoption. The transportation sector is undergoing a technology shift from internal combustion engines to electric motors powered by secondary Li-based batteries.
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